Wind Energy - what is it and how we can use it

As oil prices continue to explode, alternative energy is getting a close look in the United States. Here is a guide to wind energy in the USA.
One of the worlds fastest growing types of renewable energy sources is wind energy. While most of the Earth is still reliant on different types of fossil fuels (such as oil, natural gas and coal) for their energy supply, many countries are trying to come up with alternative methods of obtaining energy. Much of Europe has begun to build and use wind farms, which are groupings of wind turbines that harness the energy of the wind in order to create energy and electricity. Also involved in using wind energy, USA has started to build their own wind farms.
Wind turbines are the individual components of wind farms, and they are machinery composed of several main parts. The first part is the rotor, also known as the blades or the propeller, and this is the part of the turbine that actually collects the wind energy and converts it into drive energy, which then turns a shaft. This shaft actually creates the energy that is then stored or converted into electricity. Wind farms are groupings of many of these turbines, usually 10 or more.
The wind energy USA had capacity for in the year 2004 was 6,740 MW, with a prediction that the [tag-tec]wind energy[/tag-tec] capabilities of the United States will be increased by 5,000 MW in the next five years. The US Department of Energy has a goal of obtaining 6 percent of the country's electricity needs from wind energy by the year 2020, which is a fair goal judging by the current rate of growth seen in the wind energy industry. California is the state in the US that produces the most wind energy, with 2,096 MW of wind generating capacity per year.
As one MW is enough energy to supply energy to 240 to 300 average US homes, the amount of wind energy USA currently produces is enough to energy 500,000 to 620,000 homes per year. The United States is currently ranked as the third highest wind energy producing country in the world, behind Germany and Spain. The business of wind energy in the US is also monetarily significant - it costs about $1,000 per kilowatt (KW) of installed wind energy capacity. When multiplied by the US's capacity of 6,740 KW, this makes wind energy a $7 billion industry.
Wind energy is a growing energy source in the United States for many reasons. Wind energy is cleaner, cheaper and more renewable than many of the current sources of energy used in this country. Additionally, the capacity for expansion of wind farms and ways to harness wind energy means that as the US's energy needs grow, there will continue to be enough energy to provide for all of our energy needs. Rick Chapo is with SolarCompanies.com - providing information on wind power as an alternative energy platform.

West Kameng District Tourism

The Gonpa, Craft Centre, District Museum,Sport Complex,& Losar Festival (February)are the main attractions.The distance is 102 KM from Bhalukpong.Bus Services and Taxis are available.Accommodation is provided at Circuit House (PWD),Circuit House (Annx),Tourist Lodge (Tourism Department) for Govt. officials at the rate Rs. 50/- day(subject to prior booking & availiblity of accomodation.
Hotel Siphyang Phong is the most primier hotel with 23 rooms with a rate of Rs.650 to Rs.750 per day with bar& restaurant facilities.Hotel Pine Ridge,Hotel Passang,Hotel La,Hotel Dawa,Hotel Yatri Niwas&Hotel Sweet are the other hotels with a rate ranging from Rs.200 to Rs 300.Tour operators registered are Himalayan Holidays, Pine Ridge,Advance Tours and Travel,Seven, Sister Safari & Shambala.Climate is warm in summer cold in winter.
DIRANG
The Altitude of Dirang is 1497m / 4910ft.The Regional Apple Nursery, Kiwi Farm, Angling,Yak Research Centre, Gonpa, Dirang Jong (Fort), Base camp for trekking, Sight Seeing & Hot Water Spring are the main attractions at Dirang. Distance is 45 KM from Bomdila. Bus and Taxis are readily available. Inspection Bungalow (PWD), Tourist Lodge, Anchal Samiti Lodge & Private Lodge in the range of Rs100 +
SANGTI
The sheep breeding farm,Scenic Beauty spots & picnic spots are the main attractions here.Distance is 12 KM from Dirang.Bus & Taxi services are readily available.Accommodation is provided at Inspection Bunglow (Vet.) at the rate of Rs.100.00.Climate is warm in summer cold in winter.
SELA PASS
The altitude is 4114m / 13494 ft. Its famous for high altitude lakes& scenic beauty& is ideal for ice skating during winter. Bangajung Gonpa is the main budhist cultural centre here. Distance is 100KM from Bomdila. Bus services & Taxis are available from Bomdila & Dirang. Accommodation is provided at a Rest House. Weather is cold in summer & snow falls during winter
SANGE
Sange is famous for its scenic beauty and its the base camp for going to Sela Pass. Distance is 80KM from Bomdila. Bus&Taxis services are available from Bomdila & Dirang. Accommodation is provided at Inspection of Bungalow (PWD) at a Rs 100 a day. Tourist Lodge is being constructed by the State Tourism Department and is nearing completion. Climate is warm in summer andcold in winter. Snow falls during winter.
BHALUKPONG
The Altitude is 213m / 699 ft. The Cane House, Angling,Wild Life,View Points River rafting, Burn Rice (Dizling) and picnic spots. Distance is 40 km. from Tezpur. Buses & Taxis readily available from Tezpur & Bomdila are also locally available. Accomodation is available at the Inspection Bungalow (PWD), Inspection Bungalow (IFCD), Hotel Ama Yangri, Hotel Eshwar, Hotel East West, Hotel Seema & at the Staging Hut (RWD) at the rate of Rs.100 a day. Weather is hot in summer cold in winter.
TIPPI
The Orchid center, Waterfall , Distillery , Bottling Plant,Cold Storage, Resin Factory (Nafra Chemicals)& Citronella Factory are the main attractions here. Distance is 4 KM from Bhalukpong. Bus services&Taxis(Rs.50 from Bhaklukpong are available .Accommodation is available at the Forest Rest House at the rate Rs. 100.00.Weather is hot in summer and warm in winter.Foggy weather is for most of the months.

Water Pollution

There are many sources of pollution in our waters. In addition to point sources such as sewage and industrial waste, a great deal of water pollution comes from non-point sources such as agricultural runoff, and stormwater drainage. Common water pollutants include pesticides, lead, arsenic and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The protection of our water sources from these and other pollutants is one of the EPA's most important challenges. Under the Clean Water Act, the Agency regulates discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and sets effluent standards. The EPA also works with state and local authorities to control the pollution from non-point sourcesater Pollutants
There is no such thing as naturally pure water. In nature, all water contains some impurities. As water flows in streams, sits in lakes, and filters through layers of soil and rock in the ground, it dissolves or absorbs the substances that it touches. Some of these substances are harmless. In fact, some people prefer mineral water precisely because minerals give it an appealing taste. However, at certain levels minerals, just like man-made chemicals, are considered contaminants that can make water unpalatable or even unsafe.
Some contaminants come from erosion of natural rock formations. Other contaminants are substances discharged from factories, applied to farmlands, or used by consumers in their homes and yards. Sources of contaminants might be in your neighborhood or might be many miles away. Your local water quality report tells which contaminants are in your drinking water, the levels at which they were found, and the actual or likely source of each contaminant.
Some ground water systems have established wellhead protection programs to prevent substances from contaminating their wells. Similarly, some surface water systems protect the watershed around their reservoir to prevent contamination. Right now, states and water suppliers are working systematically to assess every source of drinking water and to identify potential sources of contaminants. This process will help communities to protect their drinking water supplies from contamination, and a summary of the results will be in future water quality reports.
List of Contaminants & their MCLsMicroorganisms, Disinfectants, Disinfection Byproducts, Inorganic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals, Radionuclides

Volcano classification

One way of classifying volcanoes is by the type of material erupted, which affects the shape of the volcano. If the erupting magma contains a high percentage (65%) of silica the lava is called felsic or acidic or Granitic. Felsic lava tends to be highly viscous (not very fluid) and is pushed up in a blob that solidifies relatively quickly. Viscous lavas tend to form stratovolcanoes. Lassen Peak in California is an example of a stratovolcano formed from felsic lava. This type of volcano has a tendency to explode when erupting, because the viscous lava traps volatiles (gases), and easily plugs. Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique is another example.
If, on the other hand, the magma contains a relatively low percentage of silica, the lava is called mafic or basic or basaltic and will be very fluid as it erupts, capable of flowing for long distances. 'Mafic' is a word referring to the chemical composition of the lava -- it contains higher percentages of magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe), and correspondingly lower percentages of silica. Due to low viscosity, volatiles are able to escape. A good example of a mafic lava flow is the Great flow produced by an eruptive fissure near the geographical center of Iceland roughly 8,000 years ago; it flowed to the sea, a distance of 130 kilometers, and covered an area of 800 square km. The shield volcanoes forming the islands of Hawaii also produce low-viscosity, mafic lavas. Lavas (and rocks) with particularly high proportion of iron and/or magnesium are called 'ultra-mafic'. A third type of lava that eruptsfrom volcanoes is andesitic, this lava has moderate amounts of silica and a moderate temperature.
Shield volcanoes

Toes of a pāhoehoe advance across a road in Kalapana on the east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano in Hawai‘i.
Hawaii and Iceland are examples of places where volcanoes extrude huge quantities of lava that gradually build a wide mountain with a shield-like profile. Their lava flows are generally very hot and very fluid, contributing to long flows. The largest lava shield on Earth, Mauna Loa, is 9,000 m tall (it sits on the sea floor), 120 km in diameter and forms part of the Island of Hawaii. Olympus Mons is a shield volcano on Mars, and the tallest mountain in the known solar system. Smaller versions of the "lava shield" include the 'lava dome' (tholoid), 'lava cone', and 'lava mound'.
Cinder cones
Volcanic cones or cinder cones result from eruptions that throw out mostly small pieces of cinder that build up around the vent. These can be relatively short-lived eruptions that produce a cone-shaped hill perhaps 30 to 400 m high. Cinder cones may be associated with other types of volcanoes, or occur on their own.
Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes
These are tall conical mountains composed of both lava flows and ejected material, being layered alternatively, which form the strata that give rise to the name. Classic examples include Mt. Fuji in Japan and Mount Mayon in the Philippines. Volcanoes on land often take the form of flat cones, as the expulsions build up over the years, or in short-lived volcanic cones, cinder cones.
Supervolcanoes
"Supervolcano" is the popular term for large volcanoes that usually have a large caldera and can potentially produce devastation on a continental scale and cause major global weather pattern changes. Potential candidates include the Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park, the Long Valley Caldera near Mammoth Lakes, California, and Lake Toba, but are hard to identify given that there is no formal definition of the term.

Processed tomato export trends

World trade
The production of processed tomato has been predominantly concentrated in the EEC and North America. These accounted for almost 75 per cent of the total production in 1992-93. USA accounts for 42.2 percent and Italy producing about 16 per cent of the world production has processed tomato.
World trade in processed tomatoes are in the form of paste, ketchup/sauce, puree and canned tomato. Italy ranks as the largest exporter of processed tomatoes, making its presence felt on the world market for all the four processed tomato items. In the case of canned tomato, Spain is another important exporter. In case of tomato puree too, Italy enjoys close to a monopoly. On the tomato paste market, while this country is the biggest exporter, Greece comes a close second. The USA does not figure on the list in any of the major items, even though it is a substantially large producer of the same, indicating that this country consumes most of its production of processed tomato items.
The major importers are USA. This is a significant importer of the processed tomato items, although its imports are less than 1% of its own domestic production. Some other consistently large importers are the U.K., France and Germany. The United Kingdom alone imported 304.5 thousand tonnes of processed tomatoes. France imported as much as 175 thousand tonnes of processed tomatoes in the same period, which amounted to 67 per cent of its total domestic production in the year. As in the case of the USA, such a phenomenon reveals a huge domestic market. However, unlike the latter which has been declining over time, the French market has shown stagnation, except in the case of canned tomato which has shown some growth, although very nominally. Germany too, figures as a major and consistent importer, and the market for ketchup and sauce in particular are growing in this country.
India's production
India is not a dominant player in the world market, whether that be in the context of production, imports or export. India's share in world production is only 0.79 per cent. However, the Indian tomato processing industry prides itself on being the largest in Southeast Asia. In fact, the output of the Indian industry is more than twice that of Japan, and considerably greater that Thailand and Taiwan. Another encouraging trends has been that India's production level of processed tomato has risen by 50 per cent.
Domestic producers of this item state that the major institutional customers of tomato paste are restaurants. The manufacturers of ketchup/sauce account for about 80 per cent of the consumption. Tomato juice and puree have not yet established themselves firmly in the middle class food habit, but the demand for ketchup/sauce is slowly growing in this massive segment. So far, processed tomato products for direct consumption have not found favour among the masses due to traditional food habits.

Export competitiveness
Processed tomato is a major trade item in the world, but India does not figure anywhere among the top exporters of any of its many forms. However, India has been exporting processed tomato in the form of tomato paste and ketchup. India does possess moderate export competitiveness on the world market for tomato paste. The domestic market is expanding, and there is also world demand for this product. Tomato paste is another item in which India possesses export competitiveness.

The History of Department Stores

American department stores

"In considering the social effects of the department store, one is inclined to attach the greatest importance to the contributions which they have made to the transformation in the way of life of the greatest strata of the population, a transformation which will remain the one great social fact of these last 100 years." - Hrant Pasdermadjian, The Department Store, Its Origins, Evolution and Economics, 1954

The Big Stores
The three biggest department stores in the mid-1960s, both in sales volume and physical size, were Macy's, Hudson's, and Marshall Field, in that order. Hudson's, shown here, had 25 stories, 16 of them selling floors. Two of its four below-ground floors were basement stores, where 60 departments did up to 25% of the store's business. At its peak in mid-century, Hudson's employed up to 12,000 employees and welcomed 100,000 shoppers a day. It had its own telephone exchange (CApitol), and the nation's third largest switchboard, exceeded only by the Pentagon and the Bell System itself.Restaurant reviewer Duncan Hines loved Hudson's tea rooms. In the 1947 edition of Adventures in Good Eating he wrote: "This splendid department store has devoted the greater part of a floor to the tea rooms. The food is at all times very tempting and the service has that quality of quiet elegance which adds so much to the pleasure of dining. Don’t overlook the dining room on the mezzanine, if you happen to be in a bit of a hurry. Their chicken pie is outstanding."

Marshall Field, the man, was a dry goods wholesaler. He wasn't fond of retailing or of the idea of selling all kinds of merchandise under one roof. Like many other people he thought department stores were low class. Field never became really enthusiastic about his department store, said to be the brainchild of Harry Selfridge, its early manager, and later founder of Selfridge's in London. Selfridge made the store customer-friendly by improving its lighting, opening a tea room, and -- horrifying to Field - installing a few bargain tables here and there.
Nevertheless, Field's remained conservative in many of its practices. For years it curtained its show windows on Sundays, refused to display women's underwear on manikins, and wouldn't let salesclerks wear makeup.
For decades the Marshall Field store wrestled with the John Wanamaker store in Philadelphia for the title of America's most prestigious large-scale, full-service department store.
Although the store did poorly during the Depression, by 1945 its business was booming. It had become an institution. Reeling from the shock of Pearl Harbor, a Chicago woman exclaimed, "Nothing is left any more – except, thank God, Marshall Field’s.

In 1878 a New York Times headline announced "The Great Sixth-Avenue Bazaar; Opening Day at Macy & Co.’s – A Place Where Almost Anything May Be Bought." The special attraction, the article noted, was the "universality of the stock, almost every article of dress and household furniture being for sale there, and at the most reasonable prices." In November of 1902, the store moved to its present site, but it wasn't until 1924, when it doubled its building size, that it began to really grow and to take the lead as a retailing giant. That year it presented its first holiday parade called "Fairyfolk Frolics in Wondertown." By the end of the 1920s, Macy's had become the country's largest department store

Textile

This is a course in computer aided textile design where a student is taught to appreciate and develop her own values and design concepts in traditional and contemporary processes, using hPrinting and weaving, the two options in the Textile Designing Course, provide systematic training in surface designs and fabric structure.

In the final year, students have an option between screen printing and batik as their area of specialization. And in weaving, to learn mixed weaves and coloured effect, fabric analysis and loom mechanism.er resourcefulness and imagination.

A state-of-the-art Computer Centre imparts formal training to students in Computer Aided Textile Design (CAD) which is the need of the hour. There is a dedicated Screen Printing Workshop for students of the Textile Designing Course to explore different facets of this medium. It is equipped with: high speed industrial stirrer, exposing & tracing tables, stretching stands & tables and stainless steel frames of all sizes.

There is an exclusive Batik/Tye & Dye Laboratory for students, which is equipped with: steamer, compressor spray guns and mini lab stirrers for dyeing, block, batik and spray printing work. A specific Spray Room allows students to practice and learn different rendering techniques by spray work. Individual workshop rooms for screen printing and weaving are provided for equipped with nine table looms.

There is a dedicated Screen Printing Workshop for students of the Textile Designing Course to explore different facets of this medium. It is equipped with: high speed industrial stirrer, exposing & tracing tables, stretching stands & tables and stainless steel frames of all sizes